Fifty Years of Quasars: Physical Insights and Potential for Cosmology

Last year (2013) was more or less the 50th anniversary of the discovery of quasars. It is an interesting time to review what we know (and don't know) about them both empirically and theoretically. These compact sources involving line emitting plasma show extraordinary luminosities extending to one thousand times that of our Milky Way in emitting volumes of a few solar system diameters (bolometric luminosity log L$_{bol} \sim$ 44-48 [erg s$^{-1}$]: D=1-3 light months $\sim$ $10^3$ - $10^4$ gravitational radii). The advent of 8-10 meter class telescopes enables us to study them spectroscopically in ever greater detail. In 2000 we introduced a 4D Eigenvector 1 parameters space involving optical, UV and X-Ray measures designed to serve as a 4D equivalent of the 2D Hertzsprung-Russell diagram so important for depicting the diversity of stellar types and evolutionary states. This diagram has revealed a principal sequence of quasars distinguished by Eddington ratio (proportional to the accretion rate per unit mass). Thus while stellar differences are primarily driven by the mass of a star, quasar differences are apparently driven by the ratio of luminosity-to-mass. Out of this work has emerged the concept of two quasars populations A and B separated at Eddington ratio around 0.2 which maximizes quasar multispectral differences. The mysterious 8% of quasars that are radio-loud belong to population B which are the lowest accretors with the largest black hole masses. Finally we consider the most extreme population A quasars which are the highest accretors and in some cases are among the youngest quasars. We describe how these sources might be exploited as standard candles for cosmology.Comment: Accepted for publication in Journal of Physics Conference Series (10 pages, 4 figures). Invited Lecture at International Symposium on the Physics of Ionized Gas (SPIG 2014), Belgrade 26-29 August 201

The evolution of the number density of compact galaxies

We compare the number density of compact (small size) massive galaxies at low and high redshift using our Padova Millennium Galaxy and Group Catalogue (PM2GC) at z=0.03-0.11 and the CANDELS results from Barro et al. (2013) at z=1-2. The number density of local compact galaxies with luminosity weighted (LW) ages compatible with being already passive at high redshift is compared with the density of compact passive galaxies observed at high-z. Our results place an upper limit of a factor ~2 to the evolution of the number density and are inconsistent with a significant size evolution for most of the compact galaxies observed at high-z. The evolution may be instead significant (up to a factor 5) for the most extreme, ultracompact galaxies. Considering all compact galaxies, regardless of LW age and star formation activity, a minority of local compact galaxies (<=1/3) might have formed at z<1. Finally, we show that the secular decrease of the galaxy stellar mass due to simple stellar evolution may in some cases be a non-negligible factor in the context of the evolution of the mass-size relation, and we caution that passive evolution in mass should be taken into account when comparing samples at different redshifts.Comment: ApJ in pres

Bimodality in low-luminosity E and S0 galaxies

Stellar population characteristics are presented for a sample of low-luminosity early-type galaxies (LLEs) in order to compare them with their more luminous counterparts. Long-slit spectra of a sample of 10 LLEs were taken with the ESO New Technology Telescope, selected for their low luminosities. Line strengths were measured on the Lick standard system. Lick indices for these LLEs were correlated with velocity dispersion (σ), alongside published data for a variety of Hubble types. The LLEs were found to fall below an extrapolation of the correlation for luminous ellipticals and were consistent with the locations of spiral bulges in plots of line strengths versus σ. Luminosity weighted average ages, metallicities and abundance ratios were estimated from χ2 fitting of 19 Lick indices to predictions from simple stellar population models. The LLEs appear younger than luminous ellipticals and of comparable ages to spiral bulges. These LLEs show a bimodal metallicity distribution, consisting of a low-metallicity group (possibly misclassified dwarf spheroidal galaxies) and a high-metallicity group (similar to spiral bulges). Finally, they have low α-element to iron peak abundance ratios indicative of slow, extended star formation

Current and novel infusion therapies for patients with Parkinson's disease

Advanced Parkinson’s disease is characterized by periods of poor mobility, dyskinesia and progressive decline in functional independence of the affected person despite the manipulation of levodopa doses and the introduction of supplemental therapies such as catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors, monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors and dopamine agonists. The implementation of drug delivery systems allows to bypass problems related to irregular and often unpredictable intestinal absorption of oral levodopa, which significantly affects its bioavailability and contributes to the development and persistence of motor complications. Subcutaneous apomorphine and levodopa/carbidopa jejunal infusion systems have been available for many years and their efficacy is confirmed by randomized studies and long-term experience in many centers worldwide. Recently, a new formulation of levodopa/carbidopa infusion gel that includes the catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor Entacapone has been introduced to the market. The use of entacapone allows to reduce total daily dose of administered levodopa. Two different soluble formulations of levodopa/carbidopa (ND0612 and ABBV-951) have completed clinical development, and both can ensure subcutaneous delivery by a portable pump infusion system. ABBV-951 uses a foslevodopa/foscarbidopa formulation, both prodrugs to improve absorption and tolerability. Both systems provide effective improvement of motor complications and are likely to expand the therapeutic options in advanced patients. Future efforts should focus on the earlier detection of patients who are candidates for device-aided therapies, increasing appropriate referral and broadening the availability of these treatments globally

On Systems of Active Particles Perturbed by Symmetric Bounded Noises: A Multiscale Kinetic Approach

We consider an ensemble of active particles, i.e., of agents endowed by internal variables u(t). Namely, we assume that the nonlinear dynamics of u is perturbed by realistic bounded symmetric stochastic perturbations acting nonlinearly or linearly. In the absence of birth, death and interactions of the agents (BDIA) the system evolution is ruled by a multidimensional Hypo-Elliptical Fokker–Plank Equation (HEFPE). In presence of nonlocal BDIA, the resulting family of models is thus a Partial Integro-differential Equation with hypo-elliptical terms. In the numerical simulations we focus on a simple case where the unperturbed dynamics of the agents is of logistic type and the bounded perturbations are of the Doering–Cai–Lin noise or the Arctan bounded noise. We then find the evolution and the steady state of the HEFPE. The steady state density is, in some cases, multimodal due to noise-induced transitions. Then we assume the steady state density as the initial condition for the full system evolution. Namely we modeled the vital dynamics of the agents as logistic nonlocal, as it depends on the whole size of the population. Our simulations suggest that both the steady states density and the total population size strongly depends on the type of bounded noise. Phenomena as transitions to bimodality and to asymmetry also occur

Volatile opinions and optimal control of vaccine awareness campaigns: chaotic behaviour of the Forward-Backward Sweep algorithm vs heuristic direct optimization

In modern societies the main sources of information are Internet-based social networks. Thus, the opinion of citizens on key topics, such as vaccines, is very volatile. Here, we explore the impact of volatility on the modelling of public response to vaccine awareness campaigns for favouring vaccine uptake. We apply a quasi-steady-state approximation to the model of spread and control of Susceptible-Infected-Removed diseases proposed in (d’Onofrio et al., PLoS One, 2012). This allows us to infer and analyze a new behavioural epidemiology model that is nonlinear in the control. Then, we investigate the efficient design of vaccine awareness campaigns by adopting optimal control theory. The resulting problem has important issues: (i) the integrand of its objective functional is non-convex; (ii) the application of forward-backward sweep (FBS) and gradient descent algorithms in some key cases does not work; (iii) analytical approaches provide continuous solutions that cannot rigorously be implemented since Public Health interventions cannot be fully flexible. Thus, on the one hand, we resort to direct optimization of the objective functional via heuristic stochastic optimization, in particular via particle swarm optimization and differential evolution algorithms. On the other hand, we investigate the non-convergence of the FBS algorithm with tools of the statistical theory of nonlinear chaotic time-series. Finally, since the direct optimization algorithms are stochastic, we provide a statistical assessment of the obtained solutions

Emission Line Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei in WINGS clusters

We present the analysis of the emission line galaxies members of 46 low redshift (0.04 < z < 0.07) clusters observed by WINGS (WIde-field Nearby Galaxy cluster Survey, Fasano et al. 2006). Emission line galaxies were identified following criteria that are meant to minimize biases against non-star forming galaxies and classified employing diagnostic diagrams. We have examined the emission line properties and frequencies of star forming galaxies, transition objects and active galactic nuclei (AGNs: LINERs and Seyferts), unclassified galaxies with emission lines, and quiescent galaxies with no detectable line emission. A deficit of emission line galaxies in the cluster environment is indicated by both a lower frequency with respect to control samples, and by a systematically lower Balmer emission line equivalent width and luminosity (up to one order of magnitude in equivalent width with respect to control samples for transition objects) that implies a lower amount of ionised gas per unit mass and a lower star formation rate if the source is classified as Hii region. A sizable population of transition objects and of low-luminosity LINERs (approx. 10 - 20% of all emission line galaxies) is detected among WINGS cluster galaxies. With respect to Hii sources they are a factor of approx. 1.5 more frequent than (or at least as frequent as) in control samples. Transition objects and LINERs in cluster are most affected in terms of line equivalent width by the environment and appear predominantly consistent with "retired" galaxies. Shock heating can be a possible gas excitation mechanism able to account for observed line ratios. Specific to the cluster environment, we suggest interaction between atomic and molecular gas and the intracluster medium as a possible physical cause of line-emitting shocks.Comment: Astronomy and Astrophysics, accepte

Analisi dinamiche in tensioni efficaci con il codice "SCOSSA"

L’incremento di pressioni interstiziali indotto da azioni sismiche in depositi sabbio-limosi determina la progressiva riduzione delle tensioni efficaci e di conseguenza della rigidezza e della resistenza dei terreni, fino a condurre alla completa liquefazione. Un metodo sviluppato per la stima di tale incremento si basa su un parametro semi-empirico, detto ‘parametro di danno’, che consente di applicare direttamente i risultati di prove cicliche di laboratorio per predire l’incremento di pressione interstiziale generato in sito dall’azione sismica. Tale procedura, implementata all’interno di un codice di calcolo non lineare, consente di effettuare analisi monodimensionali in tensioni efficaci senza adottare sofisticati modelli costitutivi del terreno. L’applicazione ad un argine danneggiato dal terremoto emiliano del 2012 ha consentito di evidenziare fenomeni di degradazione ciclica degli strati sabbiosi profondi che non sarebbe stato possibile osservare con le tradizionali analisi in tensioni totali

The concentration-mass relation of clusters of galaxies from the OmegaWINGS survey

The relation between a cosmological halo concentration and its mass (cMr) is a powerful tool to constrain cosmological models of halo formation and evolution. On the scale of galaxy clusters the cMr has so far been determined mostly with X-ray and gravitational lensing data. The use of independent techniques is helpful in assessing possible systematics. Here we provide one of the few determinations of the cMr by the dynamical analysis of the projected-phase-space distribution of cluster members. Based on the WINGS and OmegaWINGS data sets, we used the Jeans analysis with the MAMPOSSt technique to determine masses and concentrations for 49 nearby clusters, each of which has ~60 spectroscopic members or more within the virial region, after removal of substructures. Our cMr is in statistical agreement with theoretical predictions based on LambdaCDM cosmological simulations. Our cMr is different from most previous observational determinations because of its flatter slope and lower normalization. It is however in agreement with two recent cMr obtained using the lensing technique on the CLASH and LoCuSS cluster data sets. In the future we will extend our analysis to galaxy systems of lower mass and at higher redshifts.Comment: Astronomy & Astrophysics in press. 11 pages, 6 figure